Primary brain tumors, including craniopharyngiomas, are a diverse group of diseases that together constitute the most common solid tumors of childhood. Brain tumors are classified according to histology, but tumor location and extent of spread are important factors that affect treatment and prognosis. Craniopharyngiomas...
Childhood craniopharyngiomas are benign brain tumors found near the pituitary gland. Childhood craniopharyngiomas are rare tumors usually found near the pituitary gland (a pea-sized organ at the bottom of the brain that controls other glands) and the hypothalamus (a small cone-shaped organ connected to the pituitary...
It’s up to parents to protect children from common contagious diseases that can cause skin rashes and other symptoms. According to research or other evidence, the following self-care steps may be helpful. Learn about vaccinations Talk to your healtcare provider about the potential risks and benefits of using...
Primary brain tumors, including ependymomas, are a diverse group of diseases that together constitute the most common solid tumor of childhood. Immunohistochemical analysis, cytogenetic and molecular genetic findings, and measures of mitotic activity are increasingly used in tumor diagnosis and classification. Brain...
Childhood ependymoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls vital functions such as memory and learning, emotion, and the senses (hearing, sight, smell, taste, and touch). The spinal cord is made up of bundles of nerve fibers that connect the...
Esophageal cancer is rare in the pediatric age group, although it is relatively common in older adults.[ 1, 2] Most of these tumors are squamous cell carcinomas, although sarcomas can also arise in the esophagus. The most common benign tumor is leiomyoma. References: Gangopadhyay AN, Mohanty PK, Gopal SC, et al...
Esophageal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the esophagus. The esophagus is the hollow, muscular tube that moves food and liquid from the throat to the stomach. The wall of the esophagus is made up of several layers of tissue, including mucous membrane, muscle, and connective...
Esthesioneuroblastoma (also termed olfactory neuroblastoma) is a very rare small round cell tumor arising from the nasal neuroepithelium. Less than 10% of cases occur in children and adolescents.[ 1, 2] The estimated incidence of esthesioneuroblastoma is 0.1 cases per 100,000 people per year in children younger than 15...
Esthesioneuroblastoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the upper nasal cavity and base of the skull. Esthesioneuroblastoma begins in the olfactory nerve endings in the upper part of the nasal cavity. The olfactory nerves (sense of smell) pass through the many tiny holes in the bone...
GCTs arise from primordial germ cells, which migrate during embryogenesis from the yolk sac through the mesentery to the gonads (refer to Figure 1).[ 1, 2] Childhood extracranial GCTs can generally be divided into gonadal and extragonadal. These tumors can also be broadly classified as teratomas, malignant GCTs, or...
Childhood extracranial germ cell tumors form from germ cells in parts of the body other than the brain. A germ cell is a type of cell that forms as a fetus (unborn baby) develops. These cells later become sperm in the testicles or eggs in the ovaries. This summary is about germ cell tumors that form in parts of the body...
Your child may seem anxious about everyday occurrences. School-age children usually are still dealing with a number of fears that first developed during their early childhood, such as fear of ghosts, of the dark, or even of dying. Every child's fears are different. Parents may not even recognize that some behaviors are...
Clinical Presentation A single-institution retrospective review identified 45 cases of carcinoid tumors in children and adolescents between 2003 and 2016.[ 1][Level of evidence: 3iiDii] The most common primary site was the appendix (36 of 45 cases). No recurrences were observed among the patients with appendiceal...
A gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor forms in neuroendocrine cells in the lining of the digestive tract, appendix, and other organs in the abdomen. Gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors form from a certain type of neuroendocrine cell (a type of cell that is like a nerve cell and a hormone -making cell). These cells are...
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract in adults.[ 1] These tumors are rare in children.[ 2] Approximately 2% of all GIST occur in children and young adults.[ 3, 4, 5] In one series, pediatric GIST accounted for 2.5% of all pediatric...
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors are a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the wall of the stomach or intestines. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) usually begin in cells in the tissues of the wall of the stomach or intestines. These cells, called interstitial cells of Cajal, help food...
Childhood glaucoma is a rare form of glaucoma that can be present in some children when they are born. Or it may develop as the child gets older. Glaucoma is an eye disorder that damages the nerve at the back of the eye (optic nerve), resulting in loss of eyesight, especially peripheral (side) vision. Childhood glaucoma...
Dramatic improvements in survival have been achieved for children and adolescents with cancer.[ 1] Between 2011 and 2017, the 5-year overall survival rate was 98% for patients younger than 20 years with Hodgkin lymphoma.[ 2] Overview of Childhood Hodgkin Lymphoma Childhood Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the few pediatric...
Childhood Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer that develops in the lymph system. The lymph system is part of the immune system. It helps protect the body from infection and disease. The lymph system is made up of the following: Lymph: Colorless, watery fluid that travels through the lymph vessels and transports T and B...
My child's name is __________________________. My child's birthday is _________________. My child's doctor is __________________________. The doctor's phone number is _____________________. Age Immunization Dose Notes Date given Birth Hepatitis B (HepB) 1 of 3 2 months Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTaP) 1 of 5...
After getting approval from several expert groups, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the following immunization schedule for children. You can view it online at: www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/index.html
After getting approval from several expert groups, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the following immunization schedule for children. You can view it online at: www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/index.html.
Uveal melanoma (iris, ciliary body, choroid) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy (about 2,000 cases are diagnosed each year in the United States) and accounts for 5% of all cases of melanoma.[ 1] This tumor is most commonly diagnosed in older patients, and the incidence peaks at age 70 years.[ 2] Pediatric...
Intraocular melanoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the eye. Intraocular melanoma begins in the middle of three layers of the wall of the eye. The outer layer includes the white sclera (the "white of the eye") and the clear cornea at the front of the eye. The inner layer...
Histology Tumors of the larynx are rare. The most common benign tumor is subglottic hemangioma.[ 1] Malignant tumors, which are especially rare, may be associated with benign tumors such as polyps and papillomas.[ 2, 3] A review of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program data from 1973 to 2016...
Laryngeal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the larynx. The larynx is a part of the throat, between the base of the tongue and the trachea (windpipe). The larynx contains the vocal cords, which vibrate and make sound when air is directed against them. The sound echoes through...
Learn about some of the treatment options for childhood leukemia.
Learn what acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is and what to expect for care and treatment.
Learn what acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is and what to expect for care and treatment.
Find out how to work effectively with your child's care team to get answers and support.
